Corporate Arbitration in the UAE
Corporate Arbitration is a method of resolving qualifying disputes arising from corporate, shareholder, joint venture, investment, and other business relationships through arbitration rather than ordinary court litigation. Where the parties have entered into a valid arbitration agreement covering the dispute, an arbitral tribunal may be authorised to determine the matter and issue a binding arbitral award.
Corporate disputes can be particularly complex because they may involve several parties, interconnected agreements, significant financial interests, management arrangements, ownership rights, and continuing business relationships. Whether a particular corporate dispute can be resolved through arbitration depends on the arbitration agreement, the nature of the rights involved, and the applicable UAE legal framework.
In the UAE, arbitration is principally regulated at federal level by Federal Law No. (6) of 2018 Concerning Arbitration, as amended by Federal Decree-Law No. (15) of 2023.
At ISN Legal Consultancy, we advise companies, shareholders, investors, joint venture partners, and other commercial stakeholders on Corporate Arbitration, helping clients review arbitration agreements, assess jurisdictional issues, organise evidence, evaluate claims and defences, and determine an appropriate strategy for resolving corporate disputes.
What Is Corporate Arbitration?
Corporate Arbitration refers to arbitration involving disputes arising from corporate or business relationships where the relevant parties have agreed to submit qualifying disputes to arbitration.
Potential disputes may arise from:
- Shareholder agreements.
- Joint venture agreements.
- Investment arrangements.
- Corporate contracts.
- Share-related contractual obligations.
- Management arrangements.
- Business restructuring agreements.
- Commercial partnerships.
- Corporate transactions.
- Other arbitrable corporate relationships.
Not every disagreement involving a company automatically becomes an arbitration matter.
The existence, validity, and scope of the arbitration agreement must first be established.
For a broader explanation of arbitration agreements, proceedings, arbitral tribunals, awards, and enforcement, see our Arbitration pillar page.
UAE Legal Framework for Corporate Arbitration
The principal federal arbitration legislation is Federal Law No. (6) of 2018 Concerning Arbitration, as amended.
The Arbitration Law regulates matters including:
- Arbitration agreements.
- Form of arbitration agreements.
- Appointment of arbitrators.
- Independence and impartiality.
- Tribunal jurisdiction.
- Conduct of proceedings.
- Interim and precautionary measures.
- Arbitral awards.
- Annulment.
- Recognition and enforcement.
Where the underlying dispute concerns a UAE company, the applicable corporate legal framework may also need to be considered when determining the substantive rights and obligations of the parties.
However, the existence of a corporate disagreement does not by itself establish arbitral jurisdiction. The arbitration agreement and arbitrability of the particular dispute must be assessed separately.
Arbitration Agreements in Corporate Relationships
A valid arbitration agreement is fundamental to Corporate Arbitration.
Corporate parties may include arbitration provisions in agreements such as:
- Shareholder agreements.
- Joint venture agreements.
- Investment agreements.
- Share purchase agreements.
- Corporate commercial contracts.
- Other agreements between business stakeholders.
Under the UAE Arbitration Law, an arbitration agreement must satisfy the statutory writing requirement.
Before commencing Corporate Arbitration, parties should determine:
- Whether a valid arbitration agreement exists.
- Which parties are bound by it.
- Which disputes fall within its scope.
- Which arbitral institution or rules apply.
- Where the arbitration is seated.
- How the tribunal is constituted.
These issues can become particularly important where several corporate documents govern the relationship.
Shareholder Disputes and Arbitration
Shareholder relationships can generate disputes concerning contractual rights and obligations between shareholders.
Potential disagreements may concern:
- Shareholder agreement obligations.
- Funding commitments.
- Reserved matters.
- Contractual management arrangements.
- Exit provisions.
- Transfer-related contractual rights.
- Representations and warranties.
- Other obligations established between shareholders.
Whether these matters can be determined through arbitration depends on the arbitration agreement and nature of the particular dispute.
A shareholder should therefore avoid assuming that every dispute involving shares or company management falls within an arbitration clause merely because the shareholder agreement contains one.
The specific claim and relief requested must be examined.
Joint Venture Arbitration
Joint ventures frequently involve detailed contractual arrangements between companies, investors, or business partners.
Disputes may arise concerning:
- Capital contributions.
- Funding obligations.
- Management.
- Decision-making.
- Profit allocation.
- Performance obligations.
- Contractual defaults.
- Exit arrangements.
- Termination.
Joint venture agreements may include arbitration clauses to establish how qualifying disputes will be resolved.
Because joint ventures can involve continuing commercial relationships, parties may also consider negotiation or settlement before or during arbitration where appropriate.
Corporate Contract Disputes
Companies enter into numerous agreements that can generate arbitrable commercial disputes.
These may include:
- Investment agreements.
- Share purchase agreements.
- Joint venture agreements.
- Strategic cooperation agreements.
- Corporate service agreements.
- Other business contracts.
A dispute may concern payment, performance, termination, contractual interpretation, warranties, representations, or other agreed obligations.
Where the dispute is fundamentally commercial rather than specifically corporate, our Commercial Arbitration page may also be relevant.
Corporate Arbitration and Multiple Agreements
Corporate transactions often involve more than one contract.
For example, a transaction may include:
- Shareholder agreement.
- Share purchase agreement.
- Investment agreement.
- Financing arrangements.
- Management agreement.
- Ancillary commercial contracts.
Problems can arise where these agreements contain different dispute-resolution provisions.
One agreement may require arbitration while another provides for a different forum.
Before proceedings begin, the entire contractual structure should therefore be reviewed to determine which agreement governs the particular claim and whether the arbitration clauses are compatible.
Corporate Arbitration and Multiple Parties
Corporate disputes may involve several shareholders, companies, investors, affiliates, or other stakeholders.
This can create questions concerning:
- Which parties signed the arbitration agreement.
- Which parties are legally bound by it.
- Whether claims can proceed together.
- Whether additional parties can participate.
- Whether related proceedings can be consolidated.
These questions can be especially important in institutional arbitration.
Applicable institutional rules may provide mechanisms dealing with joinder, consolidation, or disputes arising under multiple contracts, subject to the requirements of those rules.
Institutional Corporate Arbitration
Corporate parties may agree to have their disputes administered by an arbitration institution.
In Dubai, parties may select the Dubai International Arbitration Centre (DIAC) and its applicable arbitration rules.
Institutional arbitration can provide established procedures concerning:
- Commencement of proceedings.
- Tribunal appointments.
- Arbitrator challenges.
- Multiple parties.
- Multiple contracts.
- Consolidation.
- Emergency arbitration.
- Interim measures.
- Costs.
Our Institutional Arbitration page provides more detailed guidance on institutionally administered arbitration.
Corporate Arbitration and International Businesses
Corporate disputes frequently have an international dimension.
A UAE company may have:
- Foreign shareholders.
- Overseas investors.
- International joint venture partners.
- Foreign parent or affiliated companies.
- Cross-border contractual arrangements.
International corporate arbitration can therefore raise additional issues concerning:
- Governing law.
- Seat of arbitration.
- Foreign parties.
- Overseas evidence.
- International assets.
- Recognition and enforcement.
Where the dispute involves a broader international commercial relationship, our International Commercial Arbitration page provides further guidance.
Corporate Arbitration and Investment Disputes
Corporate relationships may sometimes overlap with investment-related disputes.
Private contractual investment disputes should be distinguished from disputes arising under investment treaties or other international investment protection instruments.
The applicable dispute-resolution mechanism depends on the legal basis of the claim.
A contractual dispute between shareholders or investors may arise under a commercial agreement, while an international investment dispute may involve a materially different jurisdictional framework.
Our Investment Arbitration page provides more focused guidance on the distinction and the framework relevant to investment arbitration.
Tribunal Jurisdiction in Corporate Arbitration
Jurisdiction can become a major issue in corporate disputes.
An objection may concern:
- Whether an arbitration agreement exists.
- Whether it is valid.
- Whether a party is bound by it.
- Whether the particular corporate dispute falls within its scope.
- Whether the dispute is legally capable of arbitration.
The UAE Arbitration Law recognises the tribunal’s competence to rule on its own jurisdiction, including objections concerning the existence or validity of the arbitration agreement.
Jurisdictional issues should be identified early and addressed according to the applicable procedural requirements.
Appointment of Arbitrators
Corporate Arbitration may involve a sole arbitrator or a tribunal consisting of multiple arbitrators depending on the arbitration agreement and applicable rules.
When selecting or appointing arbitrators, relevant considerations may include:
- Corporate law experience.
- Commercial experience.
- Financial expertise.
- Experience with complex contractual structures.
- International arbitration experience.
- Language requirements.
- Independence and impartiality.
The UAE Arbitration Law establishes requirements concerning arbitrators and their independence and impartiality.
Applicable institutional rules may establish additional appointment procedures.
Evidence in Corporate Arbitration
Corporate disputes can involve substantial documentary evidence.
Relevant materials may include:
- Shareholder agreements.
- Joint venture agreements.
- Investment agreements.
- Share purchase agreements.
- Corporate resolutions.
- Financial records.
- Notices.
- Correspondence.
- Payment records.
- Company documents.
- Transaction documents.
- Electronic communications.
- Expert reports.
Evidence should be organised according to the specific claims and disputed contractual obligations.
Corporate parties should also preserve potentially relevant documents as soon as a dispute becomes foreseeable.
Financial and Expert Evidence
Corporate disputes frequently involve accounting, valuation, or financial issues.
Expert evidence may be required concerning:
- Company valuation.
- Share valuation.
- Financial losses.
- Accounting records.
- Investment calculations.
- Damages.
- Other specialised financial questions.
Technical experts should address matters within their expertise while the tribunal determines the legal and contractual issues submitted to it.
The need for expert evidence should be assessed early because it can materially affect the arbitration timetable and strategy.
Interim Measures in Corporate Arbitration
Some corporate disputes require urgent protection before a final award is issued.
Depending on the circumstances and applicable requirements, interim or precautionary measures may be relevant where a party seeks to protect rights or preserve the effectiveness of the arbitration.
The UAE Arbitration Law provides a framework concerning interim and precautionary measures.
Institutional rules may also provide additional procedures, including emergency arbitrator mechanisms where applicable.
Urgent issues should therefore be identified as soon as the dispute arises.
Corporate Arbitration Proceedings
The precise procedure depends on the arbitration agreement, applicable law, institutional rules, and tribunal directions.
A Corporate Arbitration may involve:
- Commencement of arbitration.
- Constitution of the tribunal.
- Jurisdictional submissions where necessary.
- Statements of claim.
- Statements of defence.
- Counterclaims where applicable.
- Documentary evidence.
- Expert reports.
- Hearings.
- Closing submissions.
- Arbitral award.
Complex corporate cases may also involve preliminary procedural issues relating to multiple contracts or parties.
Confidentiality and Corporate Disputes
Corporate disputes may involve commercially sensitive information such as:
- Company finances.
- Investment arrangements.
- Shareholder relationships.
- Business strategy.
- Valuations.
- Transaction documentation.
- Confidential contractual terms.
Confidentiality can therefore be an important consideration in Corporate Arbitration.
The UAE Arbitration Law contains confidentiality protections concerning arbitral awards, while applicable institutional rules may provide broader confidentiality provisions relating to the proceedings.
Parties should review the precise protections applicable to their arbitration rather than assuming that every aspect of every arbitration is automatically confidential.
Corporate Arbitration vs Litigation
Corporate disputes may be resolved through arbitration only where the necessary legal basis for arbitration exists.
Where no applicable arbitration agreement exists, the dispute may instead fall within the jurisdiction of the competent courts.
Relevant considerations include:
- Arbitration agreement.
- Nature of the corporate rights involved.
- Parties to the dispute.
- Relief requested.
- Applicable company legislation.
- Urgency.
- Evidence.
- Enforcement considerations.
Corporate Arbitration should therefore not be selected simply because a dispute involves businesses or shareholders.
The jurisdictional basis must first be established.
Settlement During Corporate Arbitration
Corporate disputes may sometimes be resolved through settlement even after arbitration has commenced.
Potential settlement terms may concern:
- Payment.
- Share-related contractual obligations.
- Corporate governance arrangements.
- Exit arrangements.
- Future cooperation.
- Termination of agreements.
- Resolution of outstanding claims.
Settlement can be particularly valuable where shareholders or joint venture partners intend to maintain some form of continuing commercial relationship.
Any settlement should clearly document the obligations of the parties and its intended effect on the arbitration.
Corporate Arbitral Awards
After considering the claims, defences, evidence, and submissions, the tribunal may issue its arbitral award.
Depending on the tribunal’s jurisdiction and the nature of the dispute, an award may determine matters such as:
- Contractual liability.
- Payment obligations.
- Compensation.
- Rights arising under corporate agreements.
- Costs.
- Other arbitrable relief submitted to the tribunal.
The award must satisfy the requirements established by the applicable arbitration framework.
Challenging a Corporate Arbitral Award
The UAE Arbitration Law establishes defined grounds upon which an arbitral award may be challenged through an annulment action.
These grounds concern specified jurisdictional and procedural matters.
An annulment proceeding is not an unrestricted appeal allowing the unsuccessful party simply to reargue the merits of the corporate dispute.
A party considering a challenge should therefore identify whether a statutory annulment ground actually exists and comply with the applicable procedural requirements.
Recognition and Enforcement
Where the unsuccessful party does not voluntarily comply with the arbitral award, recognition and enforcement may become necessary.
The UAE Arbitration Law establishes the framework for recognition and enforcement of awards falling within its scope.
Corporate disputes involving international shareholders or investors may also require consideration of enforcement outside the UAE.
The location of assets should therefore form part of the arbitration strategy from an early stage.
Preparing for Corporate Arbitration
Before commencing or defending Corporate Arbitration, parties should consider:
- The corporate relationship involved.
- All relevant agreements.
- Whether a valid arbitration agreement exists.
- Which parties are bound by it.
- Scope of the arbitration clause.
- Arbitrability of the dispute.
- Applicable institutional rules.
- Available corporate and financial evidence.
- Potential interim measures.
- Settlement and enforcement strategy.
Reviewing the entire transaction rather than only the immediate disagreement can help identify jurisdictional and contractual issues before proceedings begin.
Our Corporate Arbitration Services
ISN Legal Consultancy advises companies, shareholders, investors, joint venture partners, and other commercial stakeholders on Corporate Arbitration.
Our services include:
- Reviewing corporate arbitration clauses.
- Assessing arbitration agreements.
- Reviewing shareholder and joint venture agreements.
- Assessing jurisdictional issues.
- Reviewing institutional arbitration provisions.
- Organising corporate and financial evidence.
- Advising on claims and defences.
- Assessing interim measures.
- Reviewing settlement opportunities.
- Advising on corporate arbitral awards.
- Reviewing recognition and enforcement considerations.
Why Choose ISN Legal Consultancy?
Corporate Arbitration can involve complex agreements, multiple stakeholders, substantial investments, financial evidence, jurisdictional questions, and commercially sensitive relationships.
ISN Legal Consultancy helps clients understand how the arbitration agreement interacts with the underlying corporate relationship and applicable UAE legal framework.
We review contracts, corporate documentation, evidence, institutional rules, jurisdictional issues, and enforcement considerations to help clients develop an appropriate dispute-resolution strategy.
Related Legal Services
- Arbitration – Our main pillar covering arbitration agreements, proceedings, tribunals, awards, challenges, and enforcement in the UAE.
- Commercial Arbitration – Guidance on arbitration involving commercial and contractual disputes.
- Institutional Arbitration – Guidance on arbitration administered under institutional rules.
- International Commercial Arbitration – Advice on arbitration involving international companies and cross-border commercial relationships.
- Investment Arbitration – Guidance on disputes arising within investment relationships and applicable investment arbitration frameworks.
- Arbitration in International Trade – Advice on arbitration arising from cross-border trade and commercial transactions.
Frequently Asked Questions
My business partner and I are having a serious dispute. Can we take the dispute to arbitration?
It depends on the agreements governing your business relationship. The first step is to check whether there is a valid arbitration agreement and whether it covers the particular dispute. The shareholder agreement, joint venture agreement, partnership documents, and other related contracts may all need to be reviewed before determining whether arbitration is available.
I am a shareholder and the other shareholders are refusing to follow our agreement. What can I do?
You should first review the shareholder agreement and any other documents establishing the shareholders’ rights and obligations. If the agreement contains an arbitration clause covering the dispute, you may be able to resolve the contractual dispute through arbitration. The exact nature of the claim and the relief you are seeking should be assessed before proceedings are started.
The company has a dispute with one of its shareholders. Can the company itself be forced into arbitration?
Not automatically. The fact that a shareholder has agreed to arbitration does not necessarily mean that the company is bound by the same agreement. You should determine who signed the arbitration agreement, which parties it legally binds, and whether the company is covered by the relevant arbitration clause.
My shareholder agreement contains an arbitration clause, but the company documents say something different. Which one applies?
This situation requires careful review of all relevant corporate documents. A company may have a shareholder agreement, articles or constitutional documents, share purchase agreement, investment agreement, and other related contracts. If they contain different dispute-resolution provisions, it may be necessary to determine which agreement governs the specific claim.
My business partner wants to sell their shares, but I disagree. Can this dispute go to arbitration?
It may be possible if the relevant shareholder or corporate agreement contains an arbitration clause covering the dispute. You should review provisions concerning share transfers, pre-emption rights, exit arrangements, valuation, and dispute resolution to determine what rights and remedies may be available.
My joint venture partner has not contributed the agreed investment. What can I do?
Start by reviewing the joint venture agreement and the provisions dealing with capital contributions, funding obligations, default, and dispute resolution. If the agreement contains a valid arbitration clause covering the dispute, arbitration may be available. Financial records, payment requests, correspondence, and the contractual funding obligations may also be important evidence.
My business partner is making decisions without my approval. Can I stop this through arbitration?
It depends on the rights established by the relevant agreements and the type of protection you require. If the dispute falls within a valid arbitration agreement, you may be able to pursue the matter through arbitration. Where urgent protection is required, the availability of interim or emergency measures should also be assessed.
I am worried that my business partner will transfer company assets before the dispute is resolved. What can I do?
You should obtain legal advice as soon as possible and review whether interim or precautionary measures may be available. The UAE Arbitration Law provides a framework concerning interim and precautionary measures, while applicable institutional rules may also provide emergency procedures. The appropriate action depends on the circumstances and the protection required.
There are several shareholders involved in the dispute. Can we all be included in the same arbitration?
Not necessarily. The answer depends on the arbitration agreements signed by the relevant parties and the applicable institutional rules. Where multiple shareholders, companies, investors, or related agreements are involved, issues such as joinder and consolidation may need to be considered.
Our corporate transaction involved several agreements with different arbitration clauses. Which clause should we use?
This is a common issue in complex corporate transactions. The entire contractual structure should be reviewed, including shareholder agreements, investment agreements, share purchase agreements, financing documents, management agreements, and ancillary contracts. The applicable arbitration clause may depend on the specific claim, the parties involved, and the relationship between the different agreements.
I invested money in a UAE company, but the company has not complied with our agreement. Can I start arbitration?
Potentially, yes, if the investment or related agreement contains a valid arbitration clause covering the dispute. The agreement should be reviewed to determine the contractual obligations, dispute-resolution mechanism, parties bound by the clause, and relief that may be available.
I am a foreign investor involved in a dispute with a UAE company. Can the dispute be arbitrated in the UAE?
Potentially, yes. A corporate dispute involving a foreign investor may be resolved through arbitration where a valid arbitration agreement applies and the dispute is capable of being arbitrated. Additional issues may arise concerning the seat of arbitration, governing law, foreign evidence, international parties, and enforcement of the award.
My company has a DIAC arbitration clause. How do I start the arbitration?
You should first review the arbitration clause and determine that the dispute falls within its scope. You should then identify the applicable DIAC Rules, review any contractual preconditions, prepare the relevant claim and supporting documents, and comply with the requirements for commencing the arbitration. Before filing, it is advisable to assess jurisdiction, evidence, potential counterclaims, and the relief being requested.
I received a DIAC arbitration notice involving my company. What should I do?
Do not ignore the notice. Check the deadline for responding and immediately review the arbitration agreement, the underlying corporate contracts, and the claims being made against you or your company. You should also preserve relevant corporate, financial, contractual, and electronic records and assess whether there are jurisdictional objections, counterclaims, or settlement options.
Can I challenge the jurisdiction of the tribunal in a corporate dispute?
Potentially, yes. Jurisdictional questions may concern whether an arbitration agreement exists, whether it is valid, whether the parties are bound by it, or whether the particular dispute falls within its scope. The UAE Arbitration Law recognises the tribunal’s authority to rule on its own jurisdiction, subject to the applicable legal and procedural framework.
My corporate dispute involves company valuation and financial losses. Will I need an expert?
Possibly. Corporate disputes frequently involve valuation, accounting, investment calculations, financial losses, and damages. An accounting, valuation, or financial expert may be appropriate where specialist analysis is required. The need for expert evidence should be assessed early because it can affect the cost, timetable, and overall strategy of the arbitration.
I have emails, shareholder agreements, financial records, and WhatsApp messages. Can these help my arbitration case?
They may be important evidence, depending on what they establish and how they relate to the disputed issues. You should preserve potentially relevant communications and documents rather than deleting or altering them. The evidence should then be organised according to the specific contractual obligations, events, and claims in dispute.
My shareholder dispute has already gone to arbitration. Can we still settle?
Yes. The commencement of arbitration does not necessarily prevent the parties from negotiating a settlement. A settlement may address issues such as payment, share transfers, management rights, exit arrangements, future cooperation, or termination of the relevant agreements. Any settlement should be documented carefully and should clearly address how the arbitration proceedings and outstanding claims will be dealt with.
I lost a corporate arbitration. Can I appeal the arbitral award?
An arbitral award is not generally appealed in the same way as an ordinary court judgment. The UAE Arbitration Law provides specific grounds for seeking annulment of an arbitral award. A party considering a challenge should therefore review the award and procedural history promptly to determine whether a statutory ground may apply.
I won the arbitration, but the shareholder or company refuses to pay. What can I do?
If the unsuccessful party does not voluntarily comply with the award, you may need to consider recognition and enforcement proceedings. The appropriate enforcement strategy will depend on the award, the location of the relevant assets, and the applicable legal framework. If assets are located outside the UAE, international enforcement considerations may also become important.
I am not sure whether I should use arbitration or go to court for my shareholder dispute. Which is better?
There is no single answer for every corporate dispute. You should first determine whether a valid arbitration agreement already exists. Other relevant factors may include the nature of the dispute, the parties involved, the relief required, urgency, confidentiality, technical or financial evidence, costs, and where enforcement may ultimately be required.
I have a corporate dispute but I cannot find an arbitration clause. Can I still start arbitration?
You should not assume that you can. Arbitration generally requires a valid arbitration agreement covering the dispute. If you cannot identify an arbitration agreement, the relevant corporate and contractual documents should be reviewed to determine whether another written agreement or incorporated provision establishes an arbitration obligation.
My company and business partner want to avoid a long court dispute. Can we agree to arbitration now?
Potentially, yes. Parties may agree to arbitration where the legal requirements for an arbitration agreement are satisfied. If a dispute has already arisen, the parties should carefully document their agreement to arbitrate and define the disputes being submitted to arbitration to reduce future uncertainty.
I want to protect my business relationship while resolving the shareholder dispute. Is arbitration the only option?
No. Depending on the circumstances, negotiation or mediation may also be considered before or during arbitration. This can be particularly relevant where shareholders, joint venture partners, or investors expect to continue working together after the dispute is resolved.
Conclusion
Corporate Arbitration can provide an effective mechanism for resolving qualifying disputes arising from shareholder agreements, joint ventures, investments, corporate contracts, and other business relationships.
However, the existence of a corporate disagreement does not automatically mean that arbitration is available. The arbitration agreement, parties bound by it, scope of the clause, arbitrability of the dispute, and underlying corporate legal framework must all be considered.
At ISN Legal Consultancy, we advise companies, shareholders, investors, joint venture partners, and other commercial stakeholders on Corporate Arbitration in the UAE, helping clients assess arbitration agreements, organise corporate and financial evidence, understand procedural options, and determine an appropriate strategy for resolving their dispute.
Contact ISN Legal Consultancy
If you require legal advice regarding Corporate Arbitration in the UAE, contact ISN Legal Consultancy. Our legal consultants can review your shareholder agreement, joint venture agreement, corporate contracts, arbitration provisions, evidence, and dispute circumstances and advise you on the appropriate arbitration strategy.
Sources
- Federal Law No. (6) of 2018 Concerning Arbitration – UAE Legislation Platform
- Federal Decree-Law No. (15) of 2023 Amending Certain Provisions of Federal Law No. (6) of 2018 Concerning Arbitration – UAE Legislation Platform
- Federal Decree-Law No. (32) of 2021 on Commercial Companies – UAE Legislation Platform
- DIAC Arbitration Rules 2022 – Dubai International Arbitration Centre
